Unlocking the Potential of Magnetic Materials

By Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of MatterFebruary 4, 2023

A magnetic material is exposed to two laser beams whose electric fields turn in opposite directions. The material scatters back the light. If there is a difference between the intensity of the scattered light from the two beams, the material is in a topological phase. Credit: Jörg Harms, MPSD

Topological phases are not limited to electronic systems and can also exist in magnetic materials characterized by magnetic waves, known as magnons. While scientists have developed methods for producing and measuring magnon currents, they have yet to directly observe a magnon topological phase.

A magnon travels through a magnetic material by disturbing its magnetic order, similar to how a sound wave travels through the air. That order can be imagined as a collection of spinning tops sharing a particular rotation axis. The effect of the wave is to slightly tip the axes around which the tops are spinning.

A topological magnon phase is associated with channels that can carry a current of magnons along the edges of the sample. Researchers are hopeful that such edge channels can be utilized to carry information in future spintronics devices, analogous to how electric currents are used to transmit signals in electronic devices. However, before such technologies can be realized, scientists need to find a way to validate if a magnetic phase is topological or not.

The transatlantic research team studied a class of magnetic materials structurally similar to grapheneGraphene is an allotrope of carbon in the form of a single layer of atoms in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice in which one atom forms each vertex. It is the basic structural element of other allotropes of carbon, including graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes. In proportion to its thickness, it is about 100 times stronger than the strongest steel." data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]">graphene and exposed them to laser light with either a right- or a left-handed polarization, where the laser's electric field turns either clockwise or anticlockwise around the laser beam's axis. The researchers analyzed the light scattered off the material and showed that, if the scattered intensity is different for the two polarizations, the material is in a topological phase. Conversely, if there is no difference in the scattered light intensity, then the material is not in a topological phase. The properties of the scattered light thereby act as clear indicators of the topological phases in these magnetic materials.

The technique is easy to deploy and can be extended to other quasiparticles as well, says lead author Emil Viñas Boström: "Raman scattering is a standard experimental technique available in many labs, which is one of the strengths of this proposal. In addition, our results are quite general and apply equally well to other types of systems consisting of phonons, excitons, or photons."

In the long term, it is hoped that magnons can be used to construct more sustainable technological devices with a much lower energy consumption: "Utilizing topological magnon currents could potentially reduce the energy consumption of future devices by a factor of about a 1,000 compared to electronic devices – although there are plenty of issues to be resolved until we get to that point," says Viñas Boström.

Reference: "Direct Optical Probe of Magnon Topology in Two-Dimensional Quantum Magnets" by Emil Viñas Boström, Tahereh Sadat Parvini, James W. McIver, Angel Rubio, Silvia Viola Kusminskiy and Michael A. Sentef, 13 January 2023, Physical Review LettersPhysical Review Letters (PRL) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Physical Society. It is one of the most prestigious and influential journals in physics, with a high impact factor and a reputation for publishing groundbreaking research in all areas of physics, from particle physics to condensed matter physics and beyond. PRL is known for its rigorous standards and short article format, with a maximum length of four pages, making it an important venue for rapid communication of new findings and ideas in the physics community." data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]">Physical Review Letters.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.026701